JLPT N4 Grammar — Japanese Language Proficiency Test

#	Japanese	Kana	Romaji	English
1	間	あいだ	aida	while; during; between
2	間に	あいだに	aida ni	while/during something happened
3	あまり〜ない	あまり〜ない	amari nai	not very, not much
4	後で	あとで	ato de	after ~; later
5	ば	ば	ba	conditional form; If [A] then [B]
6	場合は	ばあいは	baai wa	in the event of; in the case that
7	ばかり	ばかり	bakari	only; nothing but
8	だけで	だけで	dake de	just by; just by doing
9	出す	だす	dasu	to suddenly begin; to suddenly appear
10	でございます	でございます	de gozaimasu	to be (honorific)
11	でも	でも	demo	or something
12	ではないか	ではないか	dewa nai ka	right?; isn't it?
13	が必要	がひつよう	ga hitsuyou	need; necessary
14	がする	がする	ga suru	to smell; hear; taste
15	がり	がり	gari	personality; tend to~; sensitivity towards~
16	がる・がっている	がる・がっている	garu; gatteiru	to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think
17	ございます	ございます	gozaimasu	to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)
18	始める	はじめる	hajimeru	to start; to begin to ~
19	はずだ	はずだ	hazu da	it must be; it should be (expectation)
20	はずがない	はずがない	hazu ga nai	cannot be (impossible)
21	必要がある	ひつようがある	hitsuyou ga aru	need to; it is necessary to
22	意向形	いこうけい	ikou kei	volitional form; let's do
23	いらっしゃる	いらっしゃる	irassharu	to be; to come; to go (polite version)
24	いたします	いたします	itashimasu	to do (polite form of する)
25	じゃないか	じゃないか	janai ka	right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation
26	かどうか	かどうか	ka dou ka	whether or not
27	かしら	かしら	ka shira	I wonder
28	かい	かい	kai	turns a sentence into a yes/no question
29	かもしれない	かもしれない	kamo shirenai	might; perhaps; indicates possibility
30	かな	かな	kana	I wonder; should I?
31	から作る	からつくる	kara tsukuru	made from; made with
32	きっと	きっと	kitto	surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; likely
33	頃	ころ	koro/goro	around; about; when
34	こと	こと	koto	Verb nominalizer
35	ことがある	ことがある	koto ga aru	there are times when
36	ことができる	ことができる	koto ga dekiru	can; able to
37	ことになる	ことになる	koto ni naru	It has been decided that..; it turns out that..
38	ことにする	ことにする	koto ni suru	to decide on
39	くする	くする	ku suru	to make something ~
40	急に	きゅうに	kyuu ni	suddenly
41	までに	までに	made ni	by; by the time; indicates time limit
42	まま	まま	mama	as it is; current state; without changing
43	または	または	matawa	both; or; otherwise; choice between [A] or [B]
44	みたいだ	みたいだ	mitai da	like, similar to, resembling
45	みたいな	みたいな	mitai na	like, similar to
46	みたいに	みたいに	mitai ni	like, similar to
47	も	も	mo	as many as; as much as; up to; nearly
48	な	な	na	don't (order somebody to not do something)
49	など	など	nado	such as, things like
50	ながら	ながら	nagara	while; during; as; simultaneously
51	なかなか〜ない	なかなか〜ない	nakanaka nai	not easy to; struggling to; not able to~
52	なければいけない	なければいけない	nakereba ikenai	must do something; have to do something
53	なければならない	なければならない	nakereba naranai	must do something; have to do something
54	なら	なら	nara	if; in the case that ~
55	なさい	なさい	nasai	do this (soft/firm command)
56	なさる	なさる	nasaru	to do (honorific)
57	に気がつく	にきがつく	ni ki ga tsuku	to notice; to realize
58	に見える	にみえる	ni mieru	to look; to seem; to appear
59	にする	にする	ni suru	to make something ~
60	にくい	にくい	nikui	difficult to do
61	中で	なかで	no naka de	in, among
62	のに	のに	noni	although, in spite of, even though
63	のに	のに	noni	to (do something); in order to
64	のは〜だ	のは〜だ	nowa~da	[A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]
65	お〜ください	お〜ください	o~kudasai	please do (honorific)
66	お〜になる	お〜になる	o~ni naru	to do (honorific)
67	おきに	おきに	oki ni	repeated at intervals, every
68	終わる	おわる	owaru	to finish; to end
69	られる	られる	rareru	potential form; ability/inability to do ~
70	らしい	らしい	rashii	it seems like; I heard; apparently~
71	さ	さ	sa	-ness; nominalizer for adjective
72	さっき	さっき	sakki	some time ago; just now
73	させられる	させられる	saserareru	causative-passive; to be made to do something
74	させる	させる	saseru	causative form; to make/let somebody do ~
75	させてください	させてください	sasete kudasai	please let me do
76	さすが	さすが	sasuga	as one would expect; as is to be expected; even
77	し	し	shi	and; and what's more; emphasis
78	そんなに	そんなに	sonna ni	so much; so; like that
79	それでも	それでも	sore demo	but still; and yet; even so
80	そうだ [1]	そうだ	sou da [1]	I heard that; it is said that
81	そうだ [2]	そうだ	sou da [2]	looks like; appears like
82	そうに・そうな	そうに・そうな	sou ni / sou na	seems like; looks like
83	たばかり	たばかり	ta bakari	just finished; something just occurred
84	たところ	たところ	ta tokoro	just finished doing, was just doing
85	他動詞&自動詞	たどうし&じどうし	tadoushi & jidoushi	Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
86	たがる	たがる	tagaru	wants to do~ (third person)
87	たら	たら	tara	if, after, when
88	たらどう	たらどう	tara dou	why don't you
89	たらいいですか	たらいいですか	tara ii desu ka	what should I do?; speaker seeking instruction
90	て/で	て/で	te/de	conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]...
91	てあげる	てあげる	te ageru	to do for; to do a favor
92	てほしい	てほしい	te hoshii	I want you to; need you to~
93	ていく	ていく	te iku	to start; to continue; to go on
94	ていた	ていた	te ita	was doing something (past continuous)
95	ていただけませんか	ていただけませんか	te itadakemasen ka	could you please
96	てくれる	てくれる	te kureru	to do a favor; do something for someone
97	てくる	てくる	te kuru	to do... and come back; to continue
98	てみる	てみる	te miru	try doing
99	てもらう	てもらう	te morau	to get somebody to do something
100	ておく	ておく	te oku	to do something in advance
101	てしまう / ちゃう	てしまう / ちゃう	te shimau / chau	to do something by accident, to finish
102	てすみません	てすみません	te sumimasen	I'm sorry for
103	てやる	てやる	te yaru	to do for; to do a favor (casual)
104	てよかった	てよかった	te yokatta	I'm glad that..
105	ているところ	ているところ	teiru tokoro	in the process of doing
106	ても	ても	temo	even; even if; even though
107	と	と	to	whenever [A] happens, [B] also happens
108	と言ってもいい	といってもいい	ittemo ii	you could say; one might say; I'd say
109	という	という	iu	called; named; that
110	ということ	ということ	iu koto	convert phrase into noun
111	と言われている	といわれている	to iwarete iru	it is said that...
112	と聞いた	ときいた	to kiita	I heard...
113	と思う	とおもう	to omou	to think...; I think...; you think...
114	とか~とか	とか~とか	toka~toka	among other things; such as; like
115	ところ	ところ	tokoro	just about to; on the verge of doing something
116	続ける	つづける	tsuzukeru	continue to; keen on
117	って	って	tte	named; called
118	受身形	うけみけい	ukemi kei	passive form; passive voice
119	は〜が... は	は〜が... は	wa~ga... wa	[A] but [B]; however; comparison
120	やすい	やすい	yasui	easy to; likely to; prone to; have a tendency to
121	やっと	やっと	yatto	at last; finally; barely; narrowly
122	より	より	yori	than; rather than; more than
123	予定だ	よていだ	yotei da	plan to, intend to
124	ようだ	ようだ	you da	appears; seems; looks as if
125	ように/ような	ように/ような	you ni / you na	like; as; similar to
126	ようになる	ようになる	you ni naru	to reach the point that; to turn into
127	ようにする	ようにする	you ni suru	to try to; to make sure that
128	ようと思う	ようとおもう	you to omou	thinking of doing; planning to
129	ぜひ	ぜひ	zehi	by all means; certainly; definitely
130	全然~ない	ぜんぜん~ない	zenzen nai	(not) at all
131	づらい	づらい	zurai	difficult to do

1

間

あいだ

aida

while; during; between

2

間に

あいだに

aida ni

while/during something happened

3

あまり〜ない

amari nai

not very, not much

4

後で

あとで

ato de

after ~; later

5

ば

ba

conditional form; If [A] then [B]

6

場合は

ばあいは

baai wa

in the event of; in the case that

7

ばかり

bakari

only; nothing but

8

だけで

dake de

just by; just by doing

9

出す

だす

dasu

to suddenly begin; to suddenly appear

10

でございます

de gozaimasu

to be (honorific)

11

でも

demo

or something

12

ではないか

dewa nai ka

right?; isn't it?

13

が必要

がひつよう

ga hitsuyou

need; necessary

14

がする

ga suru

to smell; hear; taste

15

がり

gari

personality; tend to~; sensitivity towards~

16

がる・がっている

garu; gatteiru

to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think

17

ございます

gozaimasu

to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)

18

始める

はじめる

hajimeru

to start; to begin to ~

19

はずだ

hazu da

it must be; it should be (expectation)

20

はずがない

hazu ga nai

cannot be (impossible)

21

必要がある

ひつようがある

hitsuyou ga aru

need to; it is necessary to

22

意向形

いこうけい

ikou kei

volitional form; let's do

23

いらっしゃる

irassharu

to be; to come; to go (polite version)

24

いたします

itashimasu

to do (polite form of する)

25

じゃないか

janai ka

right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation

26

かどうか

ka dou ka

whether or not

27

かしら

ka shira

I wonder

28

かい

kai

turns a sentence into a yes/no question

29

かもしれない

kamo shirenai

might; perhaps; indicates possibility

30

かな

kana

I wonder; should I?

31

から作る

からつくる

kara tsukuru

made from; made with

32

きっと

kitto

surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; likely

33

頃

ころ

koro/goro

around; about; when

34

こと

koto

Verb nominalizer

35

ことがある

koto ga aru

there are times when

36

ことができる

koto ga dekiru

can; able to

37

ことになる

koto ni naru

It has been decided that..; it turns out that..

38

ことにする

koto ni suru

to decide on

39

くする

ku suru

to make something ~

40

急に

きゅうに

kyuu ni

suddenly

41

までに

made ni

by; by the time; indicates time limit

42

まま

mama

as it is; current state; without changing

43

または

matawa

both; or; otherwise; choice between [A] or [B]

44

みたいだ

mitai da

like, similar to, resembling

45

みたいな

mitai na

like, similar to

46

みたいに

mitai ni

like, similar to

47

も

mo

as many as; as much as; up to; nearly

48

な

na

don't (order somebody to not do something)

49

など

nado

such as, things like

50

ながら

nagara

while; during; as; simultaneously

51

なかなか〜ない

nakanaka nai

not easy to; struggling to; not able to~

52

なければいけない

nakereba ikenai

must do something; have to do something

53

なければならない

nakereba naranai

must do something; have to do something

54

なら

nara

if; in the case that ~

55

なさい

nasai

do this (soft/firm command)

56

なさる

nasaru

to do (honorific)

57

に気がつく

にきがつく

ni ki ga tsuku

to notice; to realize

58

に見える

にみえる

ni mieru

to look; to seem; to appear

59

にする

ni suru

to make something ~

60

にくい

nikui

difficult to do

61

中で

なかで

no naka de

in, among

62

のに

noni

although, in spite of, even though

63

のに

noni

to (do something); in order to

64

のは〜だ

nowa~da

[A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]

65

お〜ください

o~kudasai

please do (honorific)

66

お〜になる

o~ni naru

to do (honorific)

67

おきに

oki ni

repeated at intervals, every

68

終わる

おわる

owaru

to finish; to end

69

られる

rareru

potential form; ability/inability to do ~

70

らしい

rashii

it seems like; I heard; apparently~

71

さ

sa

-ness; nominalizer for adjective

72

さっき

sakki

some time ago; just now

73

させられる

saserareru

causative-passive; to be made to do something

74

させる

saseru

causative form; to make/let somebody do ~

75

させてください

sasete kudasai

please let me do

76

さすが

sasuga

as one would expect; as is to be expected; even

77

し

shi

and; and what's more; emphasis

78

そんなに

sonna ni

so much; so; like that

79

それでも

sore demo

but still; and yet; even so

80

そうだ [1]

そうだ

sou da [1]

I heard that; it is said that

81

そうだ [2]

そうだ

sou da [2]

looks like; appears like

82

そうに・そうな

sou ni / sou na

seems like; looks like

83

たばかり

ta bakari

just finished; something just occurred

84

たところ

ta tokoro

just finished doing, was just doing

85

他動詞&自動詞

たどうし&じどうし

tadoushi & jidoushi

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

86

たがる

tagaru

wants to do~ (third person)

87

たら

tara

if, after, when

88

たらどう

tara dou

why don't you

89

たらいいですか

tara ii desu ka

what should I do?; speaker seeking instruction

90

て/で

te/de

conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]...

91

てあげる

te ageru

to do for; to do a favor

92

てほしい

te hoshii

I want you to; need you to~

93

ていく

te iku

to start; to continue; to go on

94

ていた

te ita

was doing something (past continuous)

95

ていただけませんか

te itadakemasen ka

could you please

96

てくれる

te kureru

to do a favor; do something for someone

97

てくる

te kuru

to do... and come back; to continue

98

てみる

te miru

try doing

99

てもらう

te morau

to get somebody to do something

100

ておく

te oku

to do something in advance

101

てしまう / ちゃう

te shimau / chau

to do something by accident, to finish

102

てすみません

te sumimasen

I'm sorry for

103

てやる

te yaru

to do for; to do a favor (casual)

104

てよかった

te yokatta

I'm glad that..

105

ているところ

teiru tokoro

in the process of doing

106

ても

temo

even; even if; even though

107

と

to

whenever [A] happens, [B] also happens

108

と言ってもいい

といってもいい

ittemo ii

you could say; one might say; I'd say

109

という

iu

called; named; that

110

ということ

iu koto

convert phrase into noun

111

と言われている

といわれている

to iwarete iru

it is said that...

112

と聞いた

ときいた

to kiita

I heard...

113

と思う

とおもう

to omou

to think...; I think...; you think...

114

とか~とか

toka~toka

among other things; such as; like

115

ところ

tokoro

just about to; on the verge of doing something

116

続ける

つづける

tsuzukeru

continue to; keen on

117

って

tte

named; called

118

受身形

うけみけい

ukemi kei

passive form; passive voice

119

は〜が... は

wa~ga... wa

[A] but [B]; however; comparison

120

やすい

yasui

easy to; likely to; prone to; have a tendency to

121

やっと

yatto

at last; finally; barely; narrowly

122

より

yori

than; rather than; more than

123

予定だ

よていだ

yotei da

plan to, intend to

124

ようだ

you da

appears; seems; looks as if

125

ように/ような

you ni / you na

like; as; similar to

126

ようになる

you ni naru

to reach the point that; to turn into

127

ようにする

you ni suru

to try to; to make sure that

128

ようと思う

ようとおもう

you to omou

thinking of doing; planning to

129

ぜひ

zehi

by all means; certainly; definitely

130

全然~ない

ぜんぜん~ない

zenzen nai

(not) at all

131

づらい

zurai

difficult to do